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Shortage of game-changing innovators and projects, or wrong incentives?

 
Incentives matter: Find the right carrot to encourage innovation

Incentives matter: Find the right carrot to encourage innovation

How can we create more major breakthroughs:  with more scientists and research projects or better incentives?

Fears that we could lose our competitive edge have pushed innovation to the forefront of economic strategies nowadays.  The holy grail of innovation is how to encourage game-changing innovation in addition to innovation that achieves incremental improvements.  Questions about how we can ensure future innovation usually call for increasing the number of innovators (i.e. promote science in schools!  Increase visa quotas!) or projects (i.e. more funding!).

But what if finding the right incentives for scientists, not just increasing the number of scientists or funded projects, was the answer to increasing innovation? Could you study research incentives themselves to see which ones produced the most breakthrough innovations?

MIT economists Pierre Azoulay and Gustavo Manso along with UC-San Diego Professor Joshyue Graff Zivin did just that in their recent study.  They compared the research output of US life scientists between 1993-1995 and essentially compared two different types of funding incentives: those of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) that provide long term and flexible funding to scientists and other programs that provide less funding and where the scientists must supplement their awards with National Institutes of Health (NIH) support.  They compared groups of researchers with comparable publication records before receiving different award types to measure the differences the awards themselves had on innovation. Here are the differences between the programs:

  • HHMI funding supports people not projects and offers fives years of funding, renewable as long as reviewers see effort, not necessarily results (though after 10 years something must be produced).
  • NIH funding picks projects not people and last only a few years.  Funding is linked to experiments or analyses and results are necessary before a project is approved for funding.

Which group of scientists found more breakthroughs?

HHMI scientists were twice as likely to publish highly-cited studies and were more likely to introduce new words and phrases into their field of research (i.e. game-changing innovation).  And, interestingly, they also produced more failures (studies that were virtually ignored).  It seems that HHMI’s incentives allowed for broader experimentation and more freedom to take different directions in research which resulted in both increases in failures and successes.

In contrast, the shorter review cycles and pre-determined deliverables of the NIH funding did not encourage greater experimentation or support failures.  These incentives resulted in fewer failures, but also fewer successes.

Incentives matter and long-term incentives tied to people seem to be more effective than shorter-term incentives tied to projects.  Scientists need breathing room to experiment beyond the bounds of their research and less time-pressure to do so. Incentives that allow for continuous innovation and risk in the discovery of innovation are more effective in encouraging game-changing innovation.  “Safer” funding produces just that: safer (incremental improvement) innovation.

How does this idea translate from the research lab into the workplace?
Check out Roger Martin and Jennifer Riel’s article “Innovation’s Accidental Enemies” on how leaders who demand proof that a new idea will work can inadvertently stifle innovation.  Just as offering funding that demands results upfront can discourage innovation, so can demanding proof in the workplace.  Breakthrough innovation requires entering into the unknown, thinking beyond what could be right now and focusing instead on what could be in the future.

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  • Anonymous

    Great piece. A couple of other things the venerable Howard Hughes Medical Institute is doing well: reviewing its policies to reduce the paperwork that has slowed the exchange of research materials within the non-profit and academic sectors and doing the same around its scientists’ private-sector relationships. The continued snail’s pace of translational research needs this kind of thoughtful scientific and legal scrutiny.rnrnAnd, while you’re thinking about HHMI, consider another thing they do brilliantly: telling their researchers’ stories. The HHMI Bulletin is a thing of beauty and inspired design in print — and not so bad online as well. With a former bench scientist turned editor at the helm, it’s worth a read. Check it out at http://www.hhmi.org/bulletinrn rnrn

  • lquattrin

    Great piece. A couple of other things the venerable Howard Hughes Medical Institute is doing well: reviewing its policies to reduce the paperwork that has slowed the exchange of research materials within the non-profit and academic sectors and doing the same around its scientists' private-sector relationships. The continued snail's pace of translational research needs this kind of thoughtful scientific and legal scrutiny.And, while you're thinking about HHMI, consider another thing they do brilliantly: telling their researchers' stories. The HHMI Bulletin is a thing of beauty and inspired design in print — and not so bad online as well. With a former bench scientist turned editor at the helm, it's worth a read. Check it out at http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin

  • http://twitter.com/ttang_ Tim Tang

    I remember in the late 1990s, RIM was deciding whether to open its own manufacturing plant in Waterloo for its popular BlackBerry. Since Nokia and a few other “smartphone” vendors were already licensing the BES (BlackBerry Enterprise Solution) at the time, there were whispers that it would be a great M&A exit for RIM (e.g. why continue if you could exit [assuming that is up to you]?). Today, RIM’s annual revenue is USD $11 billion with 80% of that from selling hardware.I think of that, and then I think about how RIM paid USD $612.5M for patent infringement due to prior art – to be fair, it was RIM’s lawyers who missed a crucial detail when presenting a key exhibit to the jurors. However, the bottom line, as history will remember, is that RIM infringed NTP’s patent.So, what is “game-changing innovation”? What is “breakthrough”? Do you really need either to “succeed”?If RIM really was successful because of its innovation with the BlackBerry enterprise end-to-end solution, why is 80% of its revenue from hardware, which is only the endpoint of that platform? If RIM was successful because of its IP, why did it compensate NTP, a patent-troll company that neither innovate nor commercialise technology?The answer, of course, is because commercial success stands apart from intellectual property and innovation (yes, you still need them). Without understanding the fundamental differences between the three, and their intricate relationship, a company would miss multi-billion dollar opportunities (e.g. not bringing BlackBerry into the consumer electronics segment because critics think consumers don’t like QWERTY keyboards). For this reason, there is such a disconnect between fundamental research, applied science, and commercialisation.This is why the Ontario government committed CAD $3.2B to support the Ontario Commercialisation Network (OCN) in order to create jobs and accomplish the goals in the Ontario Innovation Agenda. As one of the provincial innovation centres in Ontario, MaRS is connecting entrepreneurs to capital, advice, education, and insight.

  • http://twitter.com/ttang_ Tim Tang

    I remember in the late 1990s, RIM was deciding whether to open its own manufacturing plant in Waterloo for its popular BlackBerry. Since Nokia and a few other “smartphone” vendors were already licensing the BES (BlackBerry Enterprise Solution) at the time, there were whispers that it would be a great M&A exit for RIM. Today, RIM's annual revenue is $11 billion with 80% of that from selling hardware.I think of that, and then I think about how RIM paid USD $612.5M for patent infringement due to prior art – to be fair, it was RIM's lawyers who missed a crucial detail when presenting a key exhibit to the jurors. However, the bottom line, as history will remember, is that RIM infringed NTP's patent.So, what is “game-changing innovation”? What is “breakthrough”? Do you really need either to “succeed”?If RIM really was successful because of its BlackBerry (software) solution, why is 80% of its revenue not from software, and why could it not prove there was prior art preceeding NTP?The answer, of course, is because commercial success stands apart from intellectual property and innovation. Without understanding the fundamental differences between the three, a company would miss multi-billion dollar opportunities (e.g. bringing BlackBerry into the consumer electronics segment).

Keri Damen @ MaRS

Keri Damen @ MaRS

Keri builds and manages live and online education for entrepreneurs at MaRS. She’s worked in education and multimedia and for organizations dedicated to supporting entrepreneurship in Europe and Canada.

 
 
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